Formal notices are freely accessible, clearly labelled, dated, and linked to the affected publication. The article landing page provides a visible link to the notice and identifies its current status.

Retractions are clearly marked on the article page and in downloadable files where technically feasible. Notices identify affected articles sufficiently for reliable discovery and citation.

Earlier notices remain traceable when a concern is resolved or a determination changes. Public explanations must not reveal unnecessary sensitive information.

Substantive file amendments are accompanied by a dated explanation or formal notice. Retain an appropriate record of what changed and preserve previous versions where feasible and lawful. Privacy-sensitive cases may require restricted rather than public retention.

The original article’s DOI and bibliographic identity normally remain active. Formal notices receive their own identifiable records and persistent identifiers where supported by the journal’s registration arrangements.

Historical submission, acceptance, and publication dates must not be replaced with an update date. A genuine date error may be corrected with an appropriate record of the reason for amendment.

Update applicable OJS metadata, article files, and notice links. Where supported, communicate correction or retraction relationships through DOI registration and metadata-distribution services.

Make reasonable efforts to notify relevant indexing, discovery, repository, and preservation services through their available update mechanisms. External services control their own processing times and may retain earlier copies.

Authors should update associated preprint or repository records with links to relevant notices where possible. Deposit permissions and preservation arrangements remain governed by their dedicated policies.

Retraction normally leaves the article accessible. Removal or restricted access is considered only exceptionally, such as a binding legal requirement, serious privacy or safety harm, or unlawful material that cannot reasonably remain available.

Use the least extensive effective measure, such as redacting affected material where sufficient. The authorised editor and publisher document the reason and obtain appropriate advice where needed.

Retain the bibliographic record and an explanatory notice wherever lawful and safe. Requests to avoid criticism, erase an unfavourable result, or conceal an article’s history do not ordinarily justify removal.

Correction, retraction, or removal from the journal website does not itself revoke a valid CC BY 4.0 license already granted. Nor does that license override privacy, confidentiality, or other rights outside its scope.

Readers are encouraged to consult and accurately represent the current article status. This request adds no restriction to the rights granted by CC BY 4.0. Detailed licensing terms remain on the Licensing page.