Published articles form part of the permanent scholarly record. Therefore, substantive changes will not normally be made silently after publication.

When a post-publication amendment is necessary, the journal will seek to preserve the original publication record while providing readers with a clear and accessible notice describing the nature of the amendment.

Decisions concerning corrections, retractions, expressions of concern, or removal are made by the authorized editor in consultation with the publisher and, where appropriate, relevant members of the editorial team.

A correction may be issued when an error or omission is identified in a published article but the main findings, conclusions, or overall reliability of the article remain valid.

Corrections may address matters such as:

• Incorrect or incomplete author information;
• Incorrect affiliations or contact information;
• Errors in tables, figures, captions, or labels;
• Errors in numerical or textual information that do not invalidate the work;
• Omitted or inaccurate acknowledgments;
• Omitted or inaccurate funding information;
• Necessary corrections to disclosure statements; or
• Other errors that materially affect the accurate presentation of the article.

Minor typographical or formatting errors that do not affect the meaning, interpretation, attribution, or scholarly record may not require a formal correction notice.

Where useful for clarity, Renaissance may identify a formal correction as a Corrigendum when the relevant error originated with the author(s), or as an Erratum when the error was introduced during the journal's editorial or production process.

Regardless of terminology, the primary objective is to provide a transparent correction that enables readers to understand what has changed and why.

Retraction may be considered when there is clear evidence that the findings or conclusions of a published article are unreliable, or when a serious publication or research-integrity issue substantially affects the validity or legitimacy of the publication.

Circumstances that may lead to consideration of retraction include, but are not limited to:

• Major errors that invalidate the principal findings or conclusions;
• Fabrication or falsification of data, results, or other research material;
• Serious plagiarism or other substantial unattributed use of material;
• Redundant or duplicate publication that materially compromises the scholarly record;
• Research conducted or reported in serious violation of applicable ethical requirements;
• Manipulation of the publication or peer-review process; or
• Other serious circumstances in which the reliability or integrity of the published article cannot reasonably be maintained.

Retraction is intended primarily to correct the scholarly record and alert readers that the affected article should not be relied upon as part of the valid scholarly literature. It is not intended as a punitive measure against authors.

When an article is retracted, Renaissance will publish a clear retraction notice and maintain an identifiable relationship between the notice and the affected article.

As appropriate, the retraction notice should:

• Clearly identify the article being retracted;
• Be linked to the affected article and, where technically possible, vice versa;
• Clearly state that the article has been retracted;
• Explain the reason for the retraction with sufficient factual information;
• Identify who is issuing or requesting the retraction where appropriate;
• Avoid defamatory, speculative, or unnecessarily personal statements; and
• Remain permanently accessible as part of the scholarly record.

The bibliographic record and article page should clearly indicate the retracted status. Where technically feasible, the journal may also mark the article file itself to make its retracted status immediately apparent to readers.

An Expression of Concern may be issued when significant questions have been raised about a published article but the available evidence is not yet sufficient to determine whether a correction or retraction is appropriate.

This may occur, for example, when an investigation is ongoing, relevant evidence remains inconclusive, or obtaining a reliable resolution is expected to require substantial time.

An Expression of Concern is intended to inform readers of an unresolved issue without prematurely reaching a conclusion. It may later be replaced or supplemented by a correction, retraction, or other appropriate notice when sufficient information becomes available.

Removal of published content is reserved for exceptional circumstances. Retraction normally preserves the article as part of the scholarly record, whereas removal restricts access to some or all of the published content.

Removal may be considered when continued public availability creates a serious legal, privacy, confidentiality, security, or other compelling risk that cannot reasonably be addressed through correction or retraction alone.

Examples may include a binding legal requirement, serious infringement of legal rights, unlawful disclosure of confidential information, or publication of sensitive personal information where continued availability could cause substantial harm.

Where content must be removed, the journal will normally retain a bibliographic record or removal notice explaining, to the extent legally and ethically possible, why the content is no longer available.

Requests to correct authorship after publication will be assessed separately from questions concerning the reliability of the research. An authorship disagreement alone does not normally justify retraction when the findings of the article remain reliable.

Requests to add, remove, or rearrange authors must be supported by an adequate explanation and appropriate documentation. The journal may seek confirmation from affected authors or relevant institutions before making a change to the published record.

When a credible post-publication concern is received, the journal will assess the available information and may request explanations, supporting documentation, original data, ethics documentation, permissions, or other relevant evidence.

Authors and other directly affected parties should ordinarily be given an appropriate opportunity to respond to material concerns. Where necessary, the journal may communicate with relevant institutions or other appropriate bodies and may consult guidance from the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) .

The journal will seek to base post-publication decisions on available evidence and the integrity of the scholarly record rather than on unsupported allegations.

Formal correction, retraction, expression-of-concern, and removal notices are intended to remain publicly accessible and form part of the journal's permanent publication record.

Where technically possible, notices will be linked with the affected article so that readers can readily identify the current status of the publication.

The journal seeks to make post-publication amendments clearly identifiable rather than silently replacing substantive published content.