Demeter: Journal of Farming and Agriculture

Agricultural Productivity, Economic Performance, and Environmental Sustainability in Türkiye: Time-Series Evidence from 1992-2022

Filiz Kutluay Tutar — 2026-08-12

This study examines the relationships among agricultural productivity, input use, irrigation capacity, and sustainability in Türkiye from 1992 to 2022. Annual data from the World Bank were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation and multicollinearity tests, unit-root tests, the ARDL bounds-testing approach, robustness analyses, and Granger-causality tests. Separate Newey–West models were estimated for water stress, agricultural N₂O emissions, and agricultural value added per worker. The results indicate a stable long-run relationship in the cereal-productivity model. Fertilizer consumption and agricultural value added per worker are positively and significantly associated with cereal yield, with long-run elasticities of 0.254 and 0.324, respectively. Irrigated land, temperature, and precipitation are statistically insignificant. The error-correction coefficient indicates that approximately 93.5% of deviations from long-run equilibrium are corrected within one year. Granger-causality results indicate predictive precedence from cereal yield to fertilizer consumption, suggesting that reverse causality cannot be excluded. The sustainability models show that fertilizer consumption is positively associated with both agricultural N₂O emissions and agricultural value added per worker in the short run, while the water-stress model yields no significant results. Overall, the findings highlight a productivity–environment trade-off and support policies promoting fertilizer-use efficiency, precision nutrient management, and efficient irrigation.

The Effectiveness of Trichoderma Biofertilizer on the Vegetative Growth of Rice Plants

Dini Eka Putri — 2026-08-12

This study aims to examine the effect of the combination of Trichoderma biofertilizer and liquid micro-nutrient fertilizer sprayed on the canopy at different time intervals and their interaction on the vegetative growth of rice plants. The treatments in this experiment were arranged factorially in a Randomized Block Design (RBD). The first factor was the combination of liquid micro-nutrient fertilizer and Trichoderma, consisting of without and with liquid fertilizer combination, while the second factor was the spraying interval, consisting of every week, every two weeks, and every three weeks. The experiment was repeated four times, resulting in 24 experimental units. The plant growth variables observed were plant height, number of tillers, and number of panicles. The interaction between the combination of liquid micro-nutrient fertilizer and Trichoderma and the spraying interval on the canopy significantly increased plant height but did not significantly affect the number of tillers and the maximum number of panicles. Spraying liquid biofertilizer and liquid microfertilizer every three weeks showed the highest results at a height of 55.27 cm. The combination of biofertilizer and microfertilizer has the potential to be applied to increase rice production.

Effectiveness of Pearl NPK Fertilizer Application and Rabbit Urine POC Concentration on the Growth and Yield of Pagoda Mustard (Brassica narinosa L)

M. Arif Dzakiyul Fikri — 2026-08-12

Pagoda Cabbage (Brassica narinosa L), also known as Ta Ke Chai, is a type of horticultural vegetable with convex, circular leaves resembling blooming flowers, belonging to the Brassicaceae family. The objective of this study was to determine the combination dose of NPK Mutiara inorganic fertilizer and POC Rabbit Urine organic fertilizer that could provide the best growth and yield for Pagoda Mustard plants. This study was conducted in Sedayulawas Village, Brondong District, Lamongan Regency, East Java Province, from January to March 2025. The experimental method used was a 2-factor experimental method using a Randomized Block Design (RBD), with 16 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of the first factor of NPK Mutiara fertilizer application with the symbol A, namely: No NPK fertilizer, 50 ml NPK, 100 ml NPK, 150 ml NPK. The second factor was the application of POC Rabbit Urine with the symbol U, namely: 50 ml POC, 100 ml POC, 150 ml POC, 200 ml POC. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and followed by BNJ, with the observation variables being plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, root length, wet weight, and dry weight. The results of this study indicate that the Rabbit Urine POC treatment has a significant effect on all observation variables of pagoda mustard plant growth and yield because the higher the concentration of Rabbit Urine POC given, the better the plant growth results. This shows that Rabbit Urine can supply nutrients in the soil because the higher the dose given, the greater the nutrient content received by the plants.

Durian Marketing Strategy in Medan City: SWOT Analysis Approach, QSPM, CPM Method

Yuda Eka Danuarta — 2026-08-12

The purpose of this study was to identify internal and external factors influencing the marketing strategies of two large local durian sellers in Medan City and to determine alternative local durian marketing strategies in Medan City using the Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) method. This study employed quantitative analysis methods using SWOT analysis and Competitive Profile Matrix (CPM) analysis. The data sources used were primary and secondary data, with 10 sellers from each group. The sample for durian sellers and consumers was determined using purposive sampling. The results of this study indicate that the determining factors for durian marketing success are taste, packaging design, price, label completeness, packaging quality, sales location, and packaging color. The CPM analysis showed that Ucok Durian had the highest score, with a score of 2.8588. The strategies formulated for the sustainable competitiveness of the durian business are: 1) Emphasizing various product advantages, including strategic sales locations, constant stock availability, consistent taste, and maintaining permits and operational standards. 2) Innovating and improving the quality of durian souvenir packaging. 3) Pricing should be competitive with competitors.

Effects of Banana Peel Liquid Organic Fertilizer and Chicken Manure on Growth and Yield Components of Soybean (Glycine max L.) in Andisol Soil

Fenty Maimunah Simbolon — 2026-08-12

This study evaluated the effects of banana peel liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and chicken manure on the growth and yield components of soybean (Glycine max L.) cultivated in Andisol soil. The experiment was conducted from December 2020 to April 2021 at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Islam Sumatera Utara, using a factorial randomized block design with two factors: four doses of banana peel liquid organic fertilizer (0, 50, 100, and 150 mL polybag⁻¹) and four rates of chicken manure (0, 5, 10, and 15 t ha⁻¹). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that banana peel liquid organic fertilizer significantly increased the number of branches and the weight of 100 seeds but had no significant effect on plant height, stem diameter, or the number of pods. Chicken manure significantly increased stem diameter, number of branches, number of pods, and weight of 100 seeds, whereas its effect on plant height was not significant. No significant interaction was observed between banana peel liquid organic fertilizer and chicken manure for any of the observed variables. These findings indicate that both organic fertilizers independently improved soybean growth and yield components in Andisol soil, although their combined application did not produce a synergistic effect. Further studies involving comprehensive soil characterization, nutrient uptake, and economic evaluation are recommended to better understand the agronomic potential of banana peel liquid organic fertilizer under different environmental conditions.